On 14 December, the British commander-in-chief, Sir John Colborne, They blame the British government for failing to respond adequately to the legitimate grievances of the French-Canadian majority. Rebellion in Lower Canada: 6-15 Nov 1837 The British government in Lower Canada had generated a considerable amount of discontent in the colony. The instability of this new regime (see Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada) eventually led to the formation of the Great Coalition. After the announcement of the Russel Resolutions, the Patriotes at the Assembly decide to use their newspapers to organize popular gatherings to inform the population about the government actions. The French Canadians demanded that all power be centralized in the popularly elected Assembly, which it controlled. to take money from the provincial treasury to pay officials in the colony. The Lower Canada rebellion was connected to two main themes: 1) the subordination of French Canada and its institutions to the ruling British regime; 2) the resurgence of French Canadian … The last execution was on February 15, 1839 since the government feared that the population would sympathize with the prisoners, and 141 prisoners from Lower and Upper Canada were instead sent to Australia. rebels. Signing up enhances your TCE experience with the ability to save items to your personal reading list, and access the interactive map. It broke out immediately after Lord Durham left in early November 1838. On 23 November, government forces under Colonel Charles Gore suffered a minor defeat in the first The anglophone minority reacted by forming constitutional associations. At the same time, some among the English-speaking business elite advocated a union of Upper and Lower Canada to ensure competitiveness on a national scale with the increasingly-large and powerful economy of the United States (some rebels had been inspired by the success of the American War of Independence). The army was barely involved in the second uprising of the Patriotes.[6]. The Frères Chasseurs had camps around Lower Canada, where they were getting armed. [3] With the power in the hand of the population, the French-Canadian business class needed support from the population more than from the British business class. The underlying cause of the rebellions was … At the end of the summer, many of Gosford's local representatives quit to show support to the Patriotes. long demanded. Most Patriote leaders were killed or fled during the fight. The prisoners were liberated in Longueuil, where 150 Patriotes were waiting for them. It was fueled by an agricultural crisis that brought many French-Canadian habitants to the verge of starvation. Originally he had hoped British rule would help the French. He thought that there was still actions to take on the political side before fighting. His report in 1839 recommended for the Canadas to be united into one colony (the Province of Canada) to assimilate the French-speaking Canadiens into Anglophone British culture. Born on Oct 7, 1786 in Montreal, Louis Joseph Papineau was destined to be a great name in the annuals of French Canadian and Canadian history. They challenged the authority of the appointed (See: Battle of St-Eustache.) It is even more doubtful whether any union could have been forced on Our team will be reviewing your submission and get back to you with any further questions. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. in its demands. A moderate reformer, John Neilson, had quit the party in 1830 and joined the Constitutional Association four years later. For Durham, the fact that there was two groups (English and French) created a hostile environment. Dalhousie mistakenly hoped that the elected members would change and then decided to prorogue the parliament. In 1837, the Russell resolutions rejected all of the Patriotes' resolutions and gave the right to the governor to take subsidies without voting in the assembly. The population reacted by sending a petition signed by 87,000 people to London against Dalhousie. Many think Canada as a peaceful nation, but on this date, yet another bloody rebellion was begun. [5] Papineau organized protests and assemblies and eventually approved formation of the paramilitary Société des Fils de la Liberté during the assemblée des six-comtés. The rebellion had been preceded by nearly three decades of efforts at political reform in Lower Canada,[2] led from the early 1800s by James Stuart and Louis-Joseph Papineau, who formed the Parti patriote and sought accountability from the elected general assembly and the appointed governor of the colony. The period of calm did not last long because a month later, Papineau found Gosford's secret instructions, which said that the British never planned on accepting the resolutions.[5]. In 1807–12, Sir James Henry Craig was governor. After the War of 1812 they began to try to gain increased political power in the government. The moderates agreed to it only in the belief that Britain would back down if faced with an uprising. They also appealed to the British government to resist the Assembly. There had to be some form of political They blame the British government for failing to respond adequately to the legitimate grievances of the French-Canadian majority. In 1836, the government was able to vote some subsidies to the administration during the assembly because the assembly members from the City of Quebec decided to go against Papineau. The Catholic Church did not openly participate for any political party but tended to support the English party. (See also: Francophone-Anglophone Relations.) The Lower Canada Rebellion (French: La rébellion du Bas-Canada), commonly referred to as the Patriots' War (French: la Guerre des patriotes) by Quebecers, is the name given to the armed conflict between the rebels of Lower Canada (now Quebec) and the British colonial power of that province. However, he resigned when the home government in London failed to support his measures. The Battle of Saint-Eustache was a significant defeat. Once there, they were sent to camps and forced to work. As a result, the colonial government became virtually paralyzed. The influence of the radicals in the colony was eventually undermined. The early 1830s was a period of widespread economic distress. The nationalists were led by Louis-Joseph Papineau. After protestors were shot in Montreal in 1832, Papineau had to submit the list of "resolutions" to the governor himself. Then, three secondary camps were scattered very easily by armed volunteers. After the announcement of the Russel Resolutions, the Patriotes at the Assembly decide to use their newspapers to organize popular gatherings to inform the population about the government actions. That created a huge tension in the population against the British government, especially when the army shot three people in a crowd during the elections of 1832 and nobody was arrested.[5]. In Montreal, the militant Patriotes established the Fils de la Liberté, With confidence among the Patriote supporters wavering, Nelson threatened them to make sure that they would not leave. [5] The Patriotes were supported by an overwhelming majority of Lower Canada's population of all origins. Between the two uprisings, 99 captured militants were condemned to death. Lumber started to be more important than the fur trade or agriculture, which caused fear for those working in the fields. In 1837, the Legislative Assembly refused to approve money for supplies to the unelected Executive Council. Papineau was not there during the fight, which surprised a lot of people. The document that was presented to the House of Assembly on January 7, 1834 and had 92 demands to the British government. (See: Special Council of Lower Canada (1838–1874)). However, their revolt led to political reform, including the unified Province of Canada and the The victory gave a lot of confidence to the Patriotes, who knew that the event meant they could expect the army would soon intervene. But this interpretation ignores the -many members of the rebellion were hung. became more pronounced. What Happened In Lower Canada in 1838? The Lower Canada Rebellion is the name given to the armed conflict between the rebels of Lower Canada (now Quebec) and the British colonial power of that province. The 1837–1838 Rebellion in Lower Canada, Images from the McCord Museum's collections, accessdate 2006-12-10; To the Outskirts of Habitable Creation: Americans and Canadians Transported To Tasmania In The 1840s by Stuart D. Scott and Illustrated by Seth Colby. the problem in his report. At the same time, the province also saw a rapid increase in emigration from Britain. Most of those sent to Australia returned to Canada after they were allowed in 1844. After hearing about the 99 grievances submitted by Robert Gourlay, Papineau wrote the "Ninety-two Resolutions" while he was secretly co-ordinating with Upper Canada. major engagement of the rebellion. Papineau continued to push for reform. "In Lower Canada, the heart of the troubles was the conflict between French and English. They were crushed which became known as the Patriote Party after 1826. In total, the six battles of both campaigns left 325 dead, 27 of them British soldiers and the rest The Canadiens had a narrow majority in the new political entity, but with continued emigration of English-speakers to Ontario, that dominance was short lived. After the first insurrection, many people were prisoners at the Pied-du-Courant Prison, in Montréal. His speeches, leadership and actions helped lead to the rebellion that occurred in 1837. [5] Craig thought that the Canadian Party and its supporters wanted a French-Canadian republic. When London received the resolutions, they asked Governor Lord Gosford to analyze it. However, the Patriotes were not quite ready to fight an army. In the meantime, filibusters from the United States, the Hunter Patriots, formed a small militia and attacked Windsor, Upper Canada, to support the Canadian Patriotes. Earl of Dalhousie. The Patriote Party, having lost its moderate wing and most of its anglophone support, became more extreme Leaders of the Lower Canada Rebellion: Thomas Storrow Brown (1803-1888) Lower Canada to have responsible government. It was expanding its economic base due to the rapid growth in the timber trade. Papineau continued to push for reform. Papineau's anticlerical position alienated reformers in the Catholic Church, and his support for secular, rather than religious, schools resulted in opposition by the powerful Bishop, Jean-Jacques Lartigue, who called on all Catholics to reject the reform movement and to support the authorities, forcing many to choose between their religion and their political convictions. Buckner, P., Rebellion in Lower Canada (The Patriots' War) (2020). However, the same governor created a loyal militia made of volunteers to fight the Patriotes. With help from American sympathizers, who organized themselves into hunters’ lodges, the rebels prepared for a second insurgency. The question driving this research is what caused the insurrections in Upper and Lower Canada during 1837 and 1838. However, the rebels were poorly organized and supplied. The rebellion in Upper Canada was led by William Lyon Mackenzie. The Compact was an elite clique of officials and businessmen who ran the colony, largely through a system of patronage. The Church benefited from the defeat of the anticlerical Patriote leadership. tenure. The English Party was mostly composed of the English merchants and bourgeoisie and had the support of bureaucrats and the old seigneurial families. The soldiers sacked it, leaving 50 homes blazing. Some historians argue that the inherent weaknesses of the constitution in Lower Canada gave the elected Assembly the power to thwart the executive but not to control it. Introduction. there were deep divisions among the Patriote leadership over this strategy. The rebellion in Lower Canada, which is also known as the Patriots' War (la Guerre des patriotes), also gave French Canadians This war is also known as the Lower Canada Rebellion that took place in 1837 to 1838. was dominated by the French Canadian middle class. In the last speech by Papineau before the armed conflict, he said that it is not the time to fight yet. This war resulted from girded conflict and rebellion from rebels in Lower Canada who opposed British colonial rulers in this part of Canada. He was elected Speaker of the Assembly in 1815. The House of Assembly gave an illusion of power to French-Canadians, but the Executive and Legislative Councils advised the governor, who could veto any legislation. It is important that Marxists understand the place of these important events in the history of the class struggle in Canada and Quebec. The Russell Resolutions were adopted in Westminster by a huge majority.[5]. It has been said that we are on the verge of […] They issued a negative report on Dalhousie’s The government started arresting certain people who had a possibility to be a rebel (or thinking about rebellion), in order to keep the government safe from rebellions. But as extremists on both sides drifted toward violence, the ethnic division The Patriotes defeated a small British force at Beauharnois on 9 November. The united Province of Canada, The class compositi… The Lower Canada rebellions of 1837–38, are used to show that the development of markets reduces the cost of rebelling. Canada as we know it today owes a lot to two rebellions that occurred nearly 200 years ago. It wanted an independent state of Lower Canada.[6]. , What caused prices to fall?, What caused declination?, Who provided lots of agricultural products to the Europeans?, What important people went bankrupt in the agricultural community?, What matter did the government not care about in agruculture? The 92 Resolutions were ignored for three years. This time, the battle lasted longer, but the Frères Chasseurs were defeated. Wolfred Nelson made a speech right afterward that said that he disagreed with Papineau and thought that it was time to fight. One group was captured at Caughnawaga by the Iroquois, who were allied with the British. Martial law was imposed, which allowed the government to put people into prison without any reason. one of their first nationalist heroes in Louis-Joseph Papineau. It also said that the legislative council would continue to be chosen by the Crown. In Lower Canadathere was the agricultural crisis that caused a large number of starvations, to the French and English political and social problems within the colony. On December 5, the government declared martial law in Montreal. The Patriotes responded by organizing a boycott of British goods and holding mass protest rallies across the colony. There was no discipline in the camp. The goal was to group all together, in a single document, the people's grievances. As a result of the rebellions, the Province of Canada was created from the former Lower Canada and Upper Canada. Many more were captured. After the military defeat of the Patriotes, Lower Canada was merged with Upper Canada under the Act of Union. Following rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada in … introduction of responsible government. In 1832, the Patriote newspapers published controversial articles about the Legislative Council, and both heads of the newspapers got arrested. After the Battle of Saint-Charles, Nelson tried to keep Saint-Denis safe, but there was nothing to do since knew there was no hope. The gatherings took place all around Lower Canada, and thousands of people participated. However, when battles started again in 1838, the prison was filled with even more prisoners. The causes of the rebellions remain controversial. Thirteen men were executed (one by the rebels). Once the battle started, Brown escaped the fight. The rebels failed in their campaign against British rule. French Canadians began to practice widespread civil disobedience. The rebellions broke out in the colonies where the class composition was rather complicated. [5] In 1834, the Parti patriote swept the election by gaining more than three quarters of the popular vote. It had already begun to send troops to Lower Canada from throughout the empire. and popular system of government in Lower Canada. In March 1838, the British government passed its official response to the 92 Resolutions in London’s Parliament. Within a week, the second outbreak had been put down, almost entirely by local volunteers. This group was led by Robert Nelson, and his group had supporters throughout Lower Canada. From 1828 to 1832, there was a brief calm, and the assembly was able to pass several important laws. General Brown was confident but was not a capable commander. They followed years of tensions between the colony’s anglophone minority and the growing, nationalistic aspirations of its francophonemajority. [3] Activists in Lower Canada began to work for reform in a period of economic disfranchisement of the French-speaking majority and working-class English-speaking citizens. The 10 Russell Resolutions (named after Britain’s Colonial Secretary, Lord Russell) rejected all the major demands of the Patriotes. On 30 November, Gore returned to St-Denis. Rumours of risings and invasions from the US continued, but there was no substance to them. The British Colonial Office then replaced Dalhousie with a series of more conciliatory governors: Sir James Kempt (1828–30), Lord Aylmer (1830–35) However, Their leaders sought to take power from the Catholic Church in areas such as education. • Using data from the 1831 census, we show that the likelihood of rebellions increases with market development (proxied by absolute price difference between one area and the main Atlantic port cities of the colony). The Rebellions of 1837/1838 in both Upper Canada and Lower Canada were attempts and attacks at their current government for various reasons. On 16 November 1837, the government tried to prevent the rebellion by attempting to arrest the Patriote leaders. Some of the causes were similar, rooted in the governing structure imposed by the 1791 constitution, while other causes developed from … It lasted for two days and formed La Confédération des Six-Comtés. riot in 1832. They decided to leave Montréal and to hide in the country for their safety. The French majority and English minority became increasingly polarized. [5] He also recommended accepting the rebels' grievances by granting responsible government to the new colony. the French Canadians without widespread resistance. The question driving this research is what caused the insurrections in Upper and Lower Canada during 1837 and 1838. Many moderate French Canadians, including the hierarchy of the Catholic Church, Trump memo tries to 'box in' Biden on student loans. The death penalty was handed to 99 people from the second rebellion, and 12 of them were hanged. and  The constitution of the colony was suspended. The Patriotes fatally underestimated the resolve of the British government. For example, they encouraged the population to boycott the British products and to import illegal products from the United States. That resulted in the declaration of martial law by the Lower Canadian government. Britain dispatched Lord Durham to investigate the cause of the rebellion. Maurice Sguin, a nationalist argues the habitants were involved in a struggle for liberation. Answer to: What were the causes of the Lower Canada Rebellion? Rebellion in Lower Canada The Rebellion in Lower Canada was led by Louis-Joseph Papineau and his Patriotes, as well as more moderate French Canadian nationalists, who together dominated the elected Legislative Assembly . On November 16, Constable Malo was sent to arrest three Patriotes. Arrest warrants were then issued for those responsible for the fight, which they considered to be the leaders of the Assemblée des Six-Comtés. After the Constitutional Act 1791, Lower Canada could elect a House of Assembly, which led to the rise of two parties: the English Party and the Canadian Party. - Papineau left the US for exile in Paris. -A battle between Patriote rebels and the British started in November 1837. union between the anglophone minority in Lower Canada and the large, anglophone population in Upper Canada. For example, they encouraged the population to boycott the British products and to import illegal products from the United States. Neither the Patriote Party nor its political opponent, the British Party, was a monolithic entity. In. The leaders took refuge in the countryside. The main leaders, like Papineau, O'Callaghan, and Nelson, left for the United States. to agitate for rebellion. It is doubtful any British government could have delivered political reform, especially responsible government, to Lower Canada any sooner. Mackenzie and his followers also opposed a system of land gra… They rampaged across the country, leaving Two major armed conflicts occurred when groups of Lower Canadian Patriotes, led by Robert Nelson, crossed the Canada–American border in an attempt to invade Lower Canada and Upper Canada, drive out the British army, and establish two independent republics. They then scattered as a larger force approached. Several hundred rebels had been wounded or killed in the fighting. There were popular gatherings all around the colony to sign a petition that was sent to London to show that the document was popular. Together with the simultaneous Upper Canada Rebellion in the neighbouring colony of Upper Canada, it formed part of the Rebellions of 1837.. The Rebellion of 1837 in Upper Canada: A Collection of Documents. "Patriots' War" redirects here. "The Canadian Rebellions of 1837 and 1838 as a Borderland War: A Retrospective,", Greenwood, F. Murray, and Barry Wright (2 vol 1996, 2002), This page was last edited on 22 December 2020, at 17:40. During the summer of 1838, the Patriotes in the United States formed a secret society, called Frères chasseurs and planned to invade Lower Canada from the United States. He issued an amnesty for most of the prisoners and tried to restore harmony. [4] Both councils were made of people chosen by the English party. opposed the use of force. The gatherings took p… an independence movement with a military wing. The rebellions, and their more limited counterpart in Upper Canada in 1837, led directly to the appointment of Lord Durham and the Durham Report. A series of incidents increased tensions between the two communities. It reorganized the whole organization, mostly in the urban areas like Montréal and Quebec. [5] By 1834, the assembly had passed the Ninety-two Resolutions, outlining its grievances against the legislative council. In September and October 1837, a group of Patriotes who were more radical tried to intimidate the British government by going out into the street and breaking things around the houses of certain loyal people. Papineau even left the US for exile in Paris. He was a radical reformer in Lower Canada who was the leader of the "Patriotes", who led the rebellion in Lower Canada in 1837-38. He also feared that if the United States tried to invade Lower Canada, the Canadian Party would collaborate. Thanks for contributing to The Canadian Encyclopedia. A second revolt began with the Battle of Beauharnois in November 1838, which was crushed by forces of the colonial government as well. From the first election in 1792, the French Canadians had held the majority in the elected Legislative Assembly. Pierre-Stanislas Bédard, the leader of the Canadian Party and editor of the newspaper, was put in jail. However, there remains considerable sympathy for the attempts of the rebels to establish a more democratic After the insurrection, the army was prepared formal another armed conflict. The British troops were expecting strong resistance and so had brought 2,000 men. Leader of the Parti Canadien, an MLA The Act of Union was passed in 1840. He called elections three times in 16 months because he was not satisfied with the people elected even they were the same each time. The thesis of this research is that a range of factors attributed to the rebellions in Canada, each conflict had various affects on different social groups. a trail of devastation. upper house (the Legislative Council). On the other side, the supporters of the Russell Resolutions, called Constitutional Association led by Peter McGill and John Molson, also held gatherings around the province and wanted the army to return order to the colony.[5]. At the Battle of Saint-Charles, the Patriotes were defeated. However, the reformers in Lower Canada were divided over several issues. After the War of 1812, the elected Assembly of Lower Canada (what is now Quebec), He was a powerful public speaker who inspired his people. The Lower Canada Rebellion (French: rébellion du Bas-Canada), commonly referred to as the Patriots' War (French: Guerre des patriotes) in French, is the name given to the armed conflict in 1837–38 between the rebels of Lower Canada (now southern Quebec) and the government of Lower Canada. which the rebel leaders had opposed, came into being in 1841. The Lower Canada Rebellion, along with the Upper Canadian Rebellion, is often seen as an example of what might have occurred in the United States if the American Revolutionary War had failed. The twin rebellions killed more than 300 people. Papineau attended to most of the gatherings during the summer of 1837 to make sure that people would pressure the government only by political measures, such as the boycott of the British products. They also sought control over the provincial civil service and the cabinet-like Executive Council, which advised the governor. For Lower Canada some of the scholars include Thomas Chapis who believed the rebellion was solely the cause the British governor in conflict with the French assembly. He had 800 people ready to fight, half of them with guns. For the rebellion in Upper Canada, see, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Learn how and when to remove this template message, François-Marie-Thomas Chevalier de Lorimier, Kahnawake Iroquois and the Rebellions of 1837–38, List of the 108 Lower Canadians prosecuted before the general court-martial of Montreal in 1838–39, Andrew Bonthius | The Patriot War of 1837–1838: Locofocoism With a Gun? 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